Actors, producers, and directors express ideas and create images in theater, film, radio, television, and other performing arts media. They interpret a writer's script to entertain, inform, or instruct an audience. Although many actors, producers, and directors work in New York or Los Angeles, far more work in other places. They perform, direct, and produce in local or regional television studios, theaters, or film production companies, often creating advertising or training films or small-scale independent movies.
Actors perform in stage, radio, television, video, or motion picture productions. They also work in cabarets, nightclubs, and theme parks. Actors portray characters, and, for more complex roles, they research their character's traits and circumstances so that they can better understand a script.
Most actors struggle to find steady work and only a few achieve recognition as stars. Some well-known, experienced performers may be cast in supporting roles or make brief, cameo appearances, speaking only one or two lines. Others work as "extras," with no lines to deliver. Some actors do voiceover and narration work for advertisements, animated features, books on tape, and other electronic media. They also teach in high school or university drama departments, acting conservatories, or public programs.
Producers are entrepreneurs who make the business and financial decisions involving a motion picture, made-for-television feature, or stage production. They select scripts, approve the development of ideas, arrange financing, and determine the size and cost of the endeavor. Producers hire or approve directors, principal cast members, and key production staff members. They also negotiate contracts with artistic and design personnel in accordance with collective bargaining agreements. They guarantee payment of salaries, rent, and other expenses.
Television and radio producers determine which programs, episodes, or news segments get aired. They may research material, write scripts, and oversee the production of individual pieces. Producers in any medium coordinate the activities of writers, directors, managers, and agents to ensure that each project stays on schedule and within budget.
Directors are responsible for the creative decisions of a production. They interpret scripts, audition and select cast members, conduct rehearsals, and direct the work of cast and crew. They approve the design elements of a production, including the sets, costumes, choreography, and music. Assistant directors cue the performers and technicians, telling them when to make entrances or light, sound, or set changes.
Work environment. Actors, producers, and directors work under constant pressure. Many face stress from the continual need to find their next job. To succeed, actors, producers, and directors need patience and commitment to their craft. Actors strive to deliver flawless performances, often while working under undesirable and unpleasant conditions. Producers and directors organize rehearsals and meet with writers, designers, financial backers, and production technicians. They experience stress not only from these activities, but also from the need to adhere to budgets, union work rules, and production schedules.
Acting assignments typically are short term—ranging from 1 day to a few months—which means that actors frequently experience long periods of unemployment between jobs. The uncertain nature of the work results in unpredictable earnings and intense competition for jobs. Often, actors, producers, and directors must hold other jobs in order to sustain a living.
When performing, actors typically work long, irregular hours. For example, stage actors may perform one show at night while rehearsing another during the day. They also might travel with a show when it tours the country. Movie actors may work on location, sometimes under adverse weather conditions, and may spend considerable time waiting to perform their scenes. Actors who perform in a television series often appear on camera with little preparation time, because scripts tend to be revised frequently or even written moments before taping. Those who appear live or before a studio audience must be able to handle impromptu situations and calmly ad lib, or substitute, lines when necessary.
Evening and weekend work is a regular part of a stage actor's life. On weekends, more than one performance may be held per day. Actors and directors working on movies or television programs, especially those who shoot on location, may work in the early morning or late evening hours to film night scenes or tape scenes inside public facilities outside of normal business hours.
Actors should be in good physical condition and have the necessary stamina and coordination to move about theater stages and large movie and television studio lots. They also need to maneuver about complex technical sets while staying in character and projecting their voices audibly. Actors must be fit to endure heat from stage or studio lights and the weight of heavy costumes. Producers and directors ensure the safety of actors by conducting extra rehearsals on the set so that the actors can learn the layout of set pieces and props, by allowing time for warmups and stretching exercises to guard against physical and vocal injuries, and by providing an adequate number of breaks to prevent heat exhaustion and dehydration.
| 1. | Plan and schedule programming and event coverage based on broadcast length, time availability, and other factors such as community needs, ratings data, and viewer demographics. |
| 2. | Monitor and review programming in order to ensure that schedules are met, guidelines are adhered to, and performances are of adequate quality. |
| 3. | Direct and coordinate activities of personnel engaged in broadcast news, sports, or programming. |
| 4. | Check completed program logs for accuracy and conformance with FCC rules and regulations, and resolve program log inaccuracies. |
| 5. | Establish work schedules and assign work to staff members. |
| 6. | Coordinate activities between departments, such as news and programming. |
| 7. | Perform personnel duties such as hiring staff and evaluating work performance. |
| 8. | Evaluate new and existing programming for suitability and in order to assess the need for changes, using information such as audience surveys and feedback. |
| 9. | Develop budgets for programming and broadcasting activities, and monitor expenditures to ensure that they remain within budgetary limits. |
| 10. | Confer with directors and production staff to discuss issues such as production and casting problems, budgets, policies, and news coverage. |
| 11. | Select, acquire, and maintain programs, music, films, and other needed materials, and obtain legal clearances for their use as necessary. |
| 12. | Monitor network transmissions for advisories concerning daily program schedules, program content, special feeds, and/or program changes. |
| 13. | Develop promotions for current programs and specials. |
| 14. | Prepare copy and edit tape so that material is ready for broadcasting. |
| 15. | Develop ideas for programs and features that a station could produce. |
| 16. | Participate in the planning and execution of fundraising activities. |
| 17. | Review information about programs and schedules in order to ensure accuracy and provide such information to local media outlets as necessary. |
| 18. | Read news, read and/or record public service and promotional announcements, and otherwise participate as a member of an on-air shift as required. |
| 19. | Operate and maintain on-air and production audio equipment. |
| 20. | Direct setup of remote facilities and install or cancel programs at remote stations. |
| 21. | Cue announcers, actors, performers, and guests. |
| 22. | Conduct interviews for broadcasts. |
| 23. | Act as a liaison between talent and directors, providing information that performers/guests need to prepare for appearances, and communicating relevant information from guests, performers, or staff to directors. |
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