Actors, producers, and directors express ideas and create images in theater, film, radio, television, and other performing arts media. They interpret a writer's script to entertain, inform, or instruct an audience. Although many actors, producers, and directors work in New York or Los Angeles, far more work in other places. They perform, direct, and produce in local or regional television studios, theaters, or film production companies, often creating advertising or training films or small-scale independent movies.
Actors perform in stage, radio, television, video, or motion picture productions. They also work in cabarets, nightclubs, and theme parks. Actors portray characters, and, for more complex roles, they research their character's traits and circumstances so that they can better understand a script.
Most actors struggle to find steady work and only a few achieve recognition as stars. Some well-known, experienced performers may be cast in supporting roles or make brief, cameo appearances, speaking only one or two lines. Others work as "extras," with no lines to deliver. Some actors do voiceover and narration work for advertisements, animated features, books on tape, and other electronic media. They also teach in high school or university drama departments, acting conservatories, or public programs.
Producers are entrepreneurs who make the business and financial decisions involving a motion picture, made-for-television feature, or stage production. They select scripts, approve the development of ideas, arrange financing, and determine the size and cost of the endeavor. Producers hire or approve directors, principal cast members, and key production staff members. They also negotiate contracts with artistic and design personnel in accordance with collective bargaining agreements. They guarantee payment of salaries, rent, and other expenses.
Television and radio producers determine which programs, episodes, or news segments get aired. They may research material, write scripts, and oversee the production of individual pieces. Producers in any medium coordinate the activities of writers, directors, managers, and agents to ensure that each project stays on schedule and within budget.
Directors are responsible for the creative decisions of a production. They interpret scripts, audition and select cast members, conduct rehearsals, and direct the work of cast and crew. They approve the design elements of a production, including the sets, costumes, choreography, and music. Assistant directors cue the performers and technicians, telling them when to make entrances or light, sound, or set changes.
Work environment. Actors, producers, and directors work under constant pressure. Many face stress from the continual need to find their next job. To succeed, actors, producers, and directors need patience and commitment to their craft. Actors strive to deliver flawless performances, often while working under undesirable and unpleasant conditions. Producers and directors organize rehearsals and meet with writers, designers, financial backers, and production technicians. They experience stress not only from these activities, but also from the need to adhere to budgets, union work rules, and production schedules.
Acting assignments typically are short term—ranging from 1 day to a few months—which means that actors frequently experience long periods of unemployment between jobs. The uncertain nature of the work results in unpredictable earnings and intense competition for jobs. Often, actors, producers, and directors must hold other jobs in order to sustain a living.
When performing, actors typically work long, irregular hours. For example, stage actors may perform one show at night while rehearsing another during the day. They also might travel with a show when it tours the country. Movie actors may work on location, sometimes under adverse weather conditions, and may spend considerable time waiting to perform their scenes. Actors who perform in a television series often appear on camera with little preparation time, because scripts tend to be revised frequently or even written moments before taping. Those who appear live or before a studio audience must be able to handle impromptu situations and calmly ad lib, or substitute, lines when necessary.
Evening and weekend work is a regular part of a stage actor's life. On weekends, more than one performance may be held per day. Actors and directors working on movies or television programs, especially those who shoot on location, may work in the early morning or late evening hours to film night scenes or tape scenes inside public facilities outside of normal business hours.
Actors should be in good physical condition and have the necessary stamina and coordination to move about theater stages and large movie and television studio lots. They also need to maneuver about complex technical sets while staying in character and projecting their voices audibly. Actors must be fit to endure heat from stage or studio lights and the weight of heavy costumes. Producers and directors ensure the safety of actors by conducting extra rehearsals on the set so that the actors can learn the layout of set pieces and props, by allowing time for warmups and stretching exercises to guard against physical and vocal injuries, and by providing an adequate number of breaks to prevent heat exhaustion and dehydration.
| 1. | Coordinate the activities of writers, directors, managers, and other personnel throughout the production process. |
| 2. | Monitor post-production processes in order to ensure accurate completion of all details. |
| 3. | Perform management activities such as budgeting, scheduling, planning, and marketing. |
| 4. | Determine production size, content, and budget, establishing details such as production schedules and management policies. |
| 5. | Compose and edit scripts, or provide screenwriters with story outlines from which scripts can be written. |
| 6. | Conduct meetings with staff to discuss production progress and to ensure production objectives are attained. |
| 7. | Resolve personnel problems that arise during the production process by acting as liaisons between dissenting parties when necessary. |
| 8. | Produce shows for special occasions, such as holidays or testimonials. |
| 9. | Edit and write news stories from information collected by reporters. |
| 10. | Write and submit proposals to bid on contracts for projects. |
| 11. | Hire directors, principal cast members, and key production staff members. |
| 12. | Arrange financing for productions. |
| 13. | Select plays, scripts, books, or ideas to be produced. |
| 14. | Review film, recordings, or rehearsals to ensure conformance to production and broadcast standards. |
| 15. | Perform administrative duties such as preparing operational reports, distributing rehearsal call sheets and script copies, and arranging for rehearsal quarters. |
| 16. | Obtain and distribute costumes, props, music, and studio equipment needed to complete productions. |
| 17. | Negotiate contracts with artistic personnel, often in accordance with collective bargaining agreements. |
| 18. | Maintain knowledge of minimum wages and working conditions established by unions and/or associations of actors and technicians. |
| 19. | Plan and coordinate the production of musical recordings, selecting music and directing performers. |
| 20. | Negotiate with parties including independent producers, and the distributors and broadcasters who will be handling completed productions. |
| 21. | Develop marketing plans for finished products, collaborating with sales associates to supervise product distribution. |
| 22. | Determine and direct the content of radio programming. |
| 23. | Repay investors when completed projects begin to generate revenue. |
| 24. | Obtain rights to scripts, or to such items as existing video footage. |
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